## Uniform charge density in all of space

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Blatm
Posts: 638
Joined: Mon Jun 04, 2007 1:43 am UTC

### Uniform charge density in all of space

What E-field is produced by a charge distribution which is uniform in all of R3?

I don't know, but here are some observations:
Spoiler:
Because the distribution is isotropic I think it's tempting to say that the E-field will be 0 (the only isotropic vector field). However this E-field doesn't satisfy Gauss' law: [imath]\nabla \cdot E = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}[/imath]. An E-field that does satisfy this equation is [imath]E = ar\hat{r}[/imath] for an appropriate choice of [imath]a[/imath] constant, but a) there are many more (so why pick this one?), and b) all of the solutions will be anisotropic.

Sagekilla
Posts: 382
Joined: Fri Aug 21, 2009 1:02 am UTC
Location: Long Island, NY

### Re: Uniform charge density in all of space

Blatm wrote:What E-field is produced by a charge distribution which is uniform in all of R3?

I don't know, but here are some observations:
Spoiler:
Because the distribution is isotropic I think it's tempting to say that the E-field will be 0 (the only isotropic vector field). However this E-field doesn't satisfy Gauss' law: [imath]\nabla \cdot E = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}[/imath]. An E-field that does satisfy this equation is [imath]E = ar\hat{r}[/imath] for an appropriate choice of [imath]a[/imath] constant, but a) there are many more (so why pick this one?), and b) all of the solutions will be anisotropic.

Strictly speaking, that's all you really need. I would go with something like:

$E = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0} \cdot \left(x, y, z\right) + \left(F(y, z), G(x, z), H(x, y) \right)$

The constant you can add can be any funny function you want, but the trivially easy solution is the one
where the field strength is proportional to the distance from the origin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSV_Alvin#Sinking wrote:Researchers found a cheese sandwich which exhibited no visible signs of decomposition, and was in fact eaten.

tooyoo
Posts: 100
Joined: Sat Jan 22, 2011 5:39 pm UTC

### Re: Uniform charge density in all of space

I like this question. Somehow I ended up nerd-sniping myself because of it for half the day and I'm still not sure about the answer:

Let me point out a few things:

Sagekilla wrote:Strictly speaking, that's all you really need. I would go with something like:

$E = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0} \cdot \left(x, y, z\right) + \left(F(y, z), G(x, z), H(x, y) \right)$

The constant you can add can be any funny function you want, but the trivially easy solution is the one
where the field strength is proportional to the distance from the origin.

This is not entirely correct. The ansatz for the E field given here will have in general a non-vanishing curl, which is bad in the absence of a magnetic field. You'll need to impose something like
$\partial_y F(y,z) = \partial_x G(x,z)$
and similar for the other derivatives. I would guess that once you go through the motions, you'll find that all the functions F, G, H are constant and not arbitrary constant functions.

However, I think there's something wrong with Gauss's law in this context. The reason is simple: The space is still homogeneous and isotropic, so it is clear that there can be no force on any test charge placed into it. Hence, the electric field has to be zero. So something must be wrong with Gauss's law.

I have only an idea what that might be. Relating the differential form of Gauss's law with the integral form makes use of Stokes' theorem. Stokes theorem on non-compact manifolds assumes (to my knowledge) that the function you are integrating over has compact support. In our case, the charge is clearly not with compact support. But this is clearly not the complete picture.

Anybody got a better idea?

Rococo
Posts: 31
Joined: Sun Oct 09, 2011 12:11 pm UTC

### Re: Uniform charge density in all of space

mfb
Posts: 946
Joined: Thu Jan 08, 2009 7:48 pm UTC

### Re: Uniform charge density in all of space

Another problem with the charge distribution: As we know, fields from a charge can only expand with c. To "see" the uniform charge density in an infinite space, you have to wait an infinite time.
Actually, this might be a way out of the problem: Assume this charge density just appeared at some time t=0 in our lab system. In that case, every point in space sees a ball with a radius of ct around it, so every point is free of electric fields. This does not violate Gauss' law, as this requires charge conservation (like the Maxwell equations, which can be used to derive it).

tooyoo
Posts: 100
Joined: Sat Jan 22, 2011 5:39 pm UTC

### Re: Uniform charge density in all of space

mfb wrote:To "see" the uniform charge density in an infinite space, you have to wait an infinite time.

Well, yes. But if you're considering it as a problem in electrodynamics, you're kind of cheating. I mean, it's a non-sensical problem anyways, so if you assume that there's already an infinite amount of charge in your space, you can as well assume that you have waited an infinite time for the field to establish itself - otherwise you'll run into trouble with more physical problems such as infinite charged rod and infinite charged plane.

On a more mathsy note, you can actually see what goes wrong when deriving Gauss's law from the Lagrangian. Using four-component notation and differential forms, you can write this down quite quickly as (F = dC, greek "rho" is the charge density)
$L = \int_{R^{3,1}} \frac{1}{2} F \wedge \star F + \rho C \wedge dx \wedge dy \wedge dz$
If you then do the variation (varying the potential C), you get
$0 = \int d (\delta C \wedge \star F) - \delta C \wedge (d \star F - \rho d x \wedge d y \wedge d z)$
So usually you would discard the total derivative term and pick up your Maxwell equation from the remainder (If you're not used to four-component notation: This is the curl of the E field). However, you can only discard the total derivative term if it vanishes at spatial infinity, which it clearly doesn't.